Vaizdo rezultatas pagal užklausą „genetic engineering“

The History of Genetic Engineering
By Goda Ponomariovaitė

Introduction
In this summary, I will present a short timeline of genetic engineering history. The genetic modification has started many centuries ago in agriculture because people wanted to make their crops more fertile. Nowadays genetic engineering is more improved. Not long ago genetic organisms and food appeared. Human clones were also developed.

Key terms
Genetic engineering - is the process of altering the DNA in an organism’s genome. https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-genetic-engineering
Genetically modified organism - is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are used to produce many medications and genetically modified foods and are widely used in scientific research and the production of other goods. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism
Manipulation in chemistry -   create/generate, shape and manipulate chemical substances that can create new elemental or chemical, toxic, combustible, or explosive substance. http://powerlisting.wikia.com/wiki/Chemistry_Manipulation
Human cloning  -  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cloning


Summary
 According to sciencegroup.com.uk human genetic modification is the direct manipulation of the genome using molecular engineering technique. A  GMO is any type of organism, plant, or animal, whose genetic material has been manipulated through genetic engineering. While bacteria, plants, and animals can all be genetically engineered, the most popular GMO crops used in agriculture, like corn, soy and cotton.
 Humans have been messing with food and its genes for a long time. Since the advent of agriculture 10,000 years ago, farmers have strived to improve their crops’ strength. Over the years, as humans chose certain qualities over others in plants, they molded crops into what they wanted them to be — bigger, tastier, and juicier. Genetic inheritance was first discovered by Gregor Mendel in 1865. His theory of genetic was to manipulate and improve plant species. This is called "classic selection." A plant of one variety is crossed with a related plant to produce desired characteristics. Between 1972 and 1973 biochemists Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen developed a technique that allowed them to cut pieces of DNA in certain places, and then attach the pieces to the DNA of other organisms, using modern biotechnology. An enormous breakthrough in GMO technology came in 1973, when Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen worked together to engineer the first successful genetically engineered organism. One year later, Rudolf Jaenisch and Beatrice Mintz used a similar procedure in animals, introducing foreign DNA into mouse embryos. This was also around the time that the first debate over GMO health risks began. In 1976, biotechnology allowed companies to experiment with inserting genes from one species into another — for medicinal, food, or chemical reasons.
In 1982 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves the first genetically engineered drug, Genentech's Humulin, a form of human insulin produced by bacteria. This is the first product developed through modern bioengineering. In 1999 was produced the first finished, full-length   chromosome of a human. Chromosome 22 was chosen to be first because it was relatively small and had a highly detailed map already available. The map is needful for the clone by clone sequencing approach. In 2004 first 'true' human clones were developed at the Seoul National University in South Korea. They were 99,9% accurate.
In the future genetic engineering will be improved despite opposition and support for the use of genetic engineering has existed since the technology was developed. The postponement continued following  debated papers in  which claimed a negative impact on the environment and health from genetically modified crops.


References
https://www.britannica.com/science/genetic-engineering
http://www.sciencegroup.org.uk/ifgene/history.htm
https://www.genome.gov/pages/education/genetictimeline.pdf
http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/from-corgis-to-corn-a-brief-look-at-the-long-history-of-gmo-technology/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6eVV6wMX_o

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